SEMESTER I
Paper No. I
Protozoa to Nematehelminthes
INVERTEBRATES
UNIT I
Phylum Protozoa – characters, classification and types.
Paramecium – habit and habitat, structure, nutrition, digestion, excretion, respiration, osmoregulation, behavioral response, reproduction, binary fission, conjugation, autogamy, cytogamy, hemixis, endomixis.
(8 lectures)
UNIT II
Phylum Porifera- characters, classification and types of water canal system.
Sycon – Habit and habitat, external structure, canal system, body wall, nutrition, digestion, excretion, respiration, reproduction and development.
(4 lectures)
UNIT III
Phylum Coelenterata - characters, classification and types of polymorphism.
Obelia – Habit and habitat, structure, polymorphism, histology, physiology, reproduction, life cycle, alteration of generation and metagenesis.
(6 lectures)
UNIT IV
Phylum Platyhelminthes – Characters, classification and types.
Fasciola –Habit and habitat, morphology, body wall, digestive system, excretory system, respiration, Nervous system, reproduction, life history, types of larval stages, economic importance of Fasciola, parasitic adaptation of Fasciola.
(6 lectures)
Phylum Nematyhelminthes – Characteristics, classification and types.
Ancylostoma – Habit and habitat, morphology, body wall, pseudocoel, digestive system, excretory system, respiration, nervous system, reproduction, life history, types of larval stages, treatment, prevention and control.
(6 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
SEMESTER I
Paper No. II
Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology
UNIT I
Cell Biology
Cell Boundary- Structure, nature, chemical composition and functions of plasma membrane, unit membrane model, fluid mosaic model.
Cell Nucleus – shape and size, structure, function of nucleus, Hammerling experiment to demonstrate importance of nucleus.
Cytoplasmic organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum – Ultrastructure of Endoplasmic Reticulum, types of Endoplasmic Reticulum, functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Golgi Complex - Ultrastructure of Golgi Complex, chemical composition of Golgi Complex, functions of Golgi Complex.
Lysosomes - Ultrastructure of Lysosomes, chemical composition of Lysosomes, Polymorphism in Lysosomes, functions of Lysosomes.
Ribosomes – Ultrastructure of Ribosomes, chemical composition of Ribosomes, types of Ribosomes, biogenesis of Ribosomes, functions of Ribosomes.
Mitochondria – Ultrastructure of Mitochondria, chemical composition of Mitochondria, functions of Mitochondria.
Chromosomes – Types of chromosomes, structure of chrmosomes, chemical composition of chrmosomes, functions o chromosomes, special type of chromosomes – Lampbrush Chromosomes, Polytene Chromosomes.
Watson and Crick model of DNA, differences between DNA and RNA.
(10 lectures)
UNIT II
Genetics I
Mendel’s law of inheritance – Monohybrid cross, Dihybrid cross, Test Cross, Back cross, Incomplete dominance.
Linkage – Introduction, coupling and Repulsion Hypothesis, examples of linkage, types of linkage, arrangement of linked genes, Chromosome theory of linkage, significance of Linkage.
Crossing Over – Introduction, examples of crossing over, mechanism of crossing over, kinds of crossing over, percentage of crossing over, factors affecting crossing over, utility of crossing over.
(6 lectures)
UNIT III
Genetics II
Factor Hypothesis / Interaction of Genes – Interallelic / Intragenic gene interaction, Non allelic / Intergenic gene interaction, interaction of complementary genes, duplicate factors, cumulative factors / Polygenic inheritance / quantitative inheritance, Epistasis / inhibiting interaction – Dominant and Recessive epistasis, Modifying factors, pleiotropic effect on genes, lethal genes.
Sex Determination – genetically controlled sex determination, environmental role in sex determination, hormonal role in sex determination, chromosomal theory of sex, XX-Xy type / lygaeus type, XX-XO type / Protenor type. Quantitatie theory of sex determination, genic balance theory, cytoplasmic sex determination, barr body / Lyons hypothesis.
Sex Linked Inheritance – Definition of Sex Linkage, Sex linked characters, Haemophilia and colorblindness in man.
Genetic diseases and abnormalities.
(6 lectures)
UNIT IV
Ecology
Ecosystem – Concept, components, fundamental operations, energy, flow, food chain, food web, trophic levels, abiotic and biotic factors, ecological pyramids.
Ecological Niche – Introduction, examples of ecological niche, ecotypes and ecotones.
Ecological succession – Kinds of succession, patterns of succession – Xerosere, hydrosere, mesosere, theories of succession – Monoclimax theory, Polyclimax theory, Climax pattern theory.
(8 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books :
SEMESTER II
Paper No. I
Annelida to Echinodermata
UNIT I
Phylum Annelida – Characters, classification and types.
Hirudinaria – Habit and Habitat, morphology, segmentation, receptors, sense organs, division of body, body apertures, body wall, locomotion, alimentary, digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, nervous system, coelom and haemocoelomic system, reproduction, parasitic adaptations in Hirudinaria, economic importance of Hirudinaria.
(8 lectures)
UNIT II
Phylum Arthpoda – Characters, classification and types.
Palaemon – Habit and habitat, morphology, exoskeleton, appendages, body wall, digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, nervous system, sense organs or receptors, compound eyes, mosaic vision, apposition images and superposition images, economic importance of insects.
(8 lectures)
UNIT III
Phylum Mollusca – Characters, classification and types.
Pila – Habit and Habitat, external features, body wall, mantle, digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, mode of respiration, nervous system, blood vascular system, pearl formation in mollusca.
(8 lectures)
UNIT IV
Phylum Echinodermata – Characters, classification and types.
Pentaceros - Habit and Habitat, external features, oral and aboral views, body wall, digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, nervous system, water vascular system, larval stages in Echinodermata.
(6 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books :
SEMESTER II
Paper No. II
Practical
SEMESTER III
Paper No. I
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY
UNIT I
ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION
Zoogeographical distribution
Palaearctic region : Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Subregions – European, Mediterranean, Siberian, Manchurian.
Nearctic region : Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Subregions – California, Rocky mountain, Alleghany, Canadian.
Neotropical region : Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Subregions – Chillian, Brazilian, Mexican, Antilean.
Ethiopean Region – Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Subregions – East African, West African, South frican, Malagasy.
Oriental Region : Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Subregions –Indian, Ceylonese, Indochinese, Indo-Malayan, Zoogeography of Indian subregion.
Australian Region : Geographic limits, climate and fauna; Austro- Malayan, Australian, Polynesian, New Zealand.
Wallace line; Webers line; Galapagos Island; continental drift.
Geological distribution with characteristic fauna and fossils.
Azoic era, Archaeozoic era, proterozoic era, Paleozoic era – periods – Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississipian, Pennysylvanian and Permian; Mesozoic era – Periods – Triassic, Jurassic and cretaceous; Dinosours; Coenozoic era – Priods – Tertiary and Quaternary, Epochs – Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pliestocene and recent fossils.
(5 lectures)
UNIT II
Evidences of Organic Evolution
Evidences from classification, evidences from comparative anatomy, evidences from embryology, evidences from vestigial organs, evidences from physiology and Bichemistry, evidences from enzymes and hormones, evidences from cytology,evidences from connecting links, evidences from zoogeography, evidences from genetics.
Theories of Evolution
Lamarkisim, Darwinism and Modern synthetic theory.
(4 lectures)
UNIT III
EMBRYOLOGY
Gametogenesis-
Spermatogenesis- Formation of spermatid, multiplication phase, growth phase, maturation phase, spermiogenesis, significance of spermatogenesis, structure of sperm – head, middle piece, tail.
Oogenesis – multiplication phase, growth phase, maturation phase, significance of Oogenesis.
Types of egg – According to amount of yolk Alecithal, microlecithal, mesolecithal, macrolecithal. Accoring to distribution of Yolk – Homolecithal eggs, Telolecithal eggs, centrolecithal eggs.
Clevage – Definition, special features, patterns of cleavage – Radial, bilateral, spira;, determinate cleavage. Cleavage types determined by yolks – Holoblastic, meroblastic, superficial. Factors controlling cleavage patterns.
Blastulation and gastrulation – Major events during blastulation and gastrulation, formation of blastocoels, formation of three primary germ layers.
Embryology of Amphioxus – Unfertilized egg, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, arrangement of prospective organs forming areas, neurulation, chordogenesis, development of mesoderm and coelom.
Embryology of chick – Structure of egg, fertilization, cleavage, area pellucid, area opaca, gastrulation, formation of embryonic membranes, formation of primitive streak, neurulation and chordogenesis, development of extra embryonic membranes.
Embryology of Mammals – Early development, segmentation, blastocyst, blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation, chordogenesis.
Placentation in mammals – Non deciduate, deciduate, diffused, cotyledonary, Zonary, discoidal, metadiscoidal, epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, endotheliochorial, haemochorial.
(15 lectures)
UNIT IV
Development of Scale, feather, hair, tooth, kidney and eye.
(6 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
SEMESTER III
Paper No. II
Practical
1. Dissection - Take out Afferent branchial arteries, fferent branchial arteries, cranial nerves (V, VII, IX & X) of Scoliodon.
2. Permanent stained preparation of
a) Branchial wall of Herdmania
b) Placoid scales (Unstained)
c) Ampullae of Lorenzini
3. Physiology
a) Preparation of Haemin crystals.
b) Detection of sugar / albumin / acetone in a sample of urine.
4. Microbiology – Culture and inoculation of Bacteria
5. Comment upon physiological apparatus
a) Kymograph
b) Chromatography
6. Histology
a) Stained preparation of striped / unstriped muscle fibres.
b) Preparation of vertebrate blood film stained with Leishman’s stain.
7. Spotting – Study of speciemens and slides of protochordata, Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, Histology, Embryology.
Osteology – Study of bones of Frog, Varanus and Fowl
8. Viva
9. Class Record
List of recommended books
P. S. Verma : Practical Vertebrate Zoology
S. S. Lal : Practical Vertebrate Zoology
SEMESTER IV
Paper I
CHORDATA
UNIT I
Hemichordata
Balanoglossus – Systematic position, geographical distribution, external morphology, shape, size and colour, habit and habitat, division of body – proboscis, collar, neck, body wall , coelom, endoskeleton, digestive system, - alimentary canal, food and feeding mechanism, digestion, respiratory system – branchial pharynx, branchial sac, mechanism of respiration, blood vascular system, excretory system,nervous system, reproductive system, affinities of Balanoglossus, Development – Fertilization, embryonic or prelarval development, larval development, Tornaria larva, metamorphosis.
(7 lectures)
UNIT II
Urochordata
Herdmania - Systematic position, geographical distribution, external morphology, shape, size and colour, habit and habitat, division of body – body proper, foot, test or tunic, spicules, mantle / body wall, internal organs / viscera, coelom and atrium, digestive system, alimentary canal, food and feeding mechanism, digestion, respiratory system, blood vascular system, course of blood circulation, excretory system, nervous system, neural complex, sense organs, reproductive system, affinities of Urochordata, Development of Herdmania – Fertilization, presumptive areas, embryonic or prelarval development, larval development, retrogressive development.
(7 lectures)
UNIT III
Cephalochordata
Amphioxus - Systematic position, geographical distribution, external morphology, shape, size and colour, habit and habitat, division of body body apertures, body wall – skin, musculature, peritoneum, coelom, skeleton, atrium, digestive system, - alimentary canal, food and feeding mechanism, digestive glands, physiology of digestion, respiratory system, mechanism of respiration, blood vascular system, excretory system – Protonephridia, hatschek’s nephridium, brown funnel, renal papillae, nervous system, sense organ / receptors, reproductive system.
(9 lectures)
UNIT IV
Classification of different classes of vertebrates
Pisces, amphibian, reptilian, aves, mammalia upto order with characters and examples.
(7 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
1. Young, J. Z : Life of Vertebrates, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press.
2. Kotpal, R. L : Vertebrates, Rastogi Publications.
SEMESTER IV
Paper II
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT I
Digestion and absorption – Definition, types of digestion – intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, structure of alimentary canal and associated digestive glands (liver, pancreas, gall bladder), digestion in mouth, digestion in stomach, digestion in intestine, defaecation, absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats.
Respiration – Introduction, external respiration, breathing, process of gaseous exchange in the air and blood during respiration, condition of gases in the blood, respiratory exchange in tissues, transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide dissociation curve tissue respiration, regulation of respiration, chloride shift / hamburger phenomenon.
(8 lectures)
UNIT II
Circulatory system – Introduction, structure of mammalian heart. Blood vascular system, arterial system, venous system, heart beat, functioning of heart, cardiac cycle, regulation of heart beat, heart sounds – lupp, dupp, pulse, blood pressure.
Excretion – Introduction, structure of kidney, functions of kidney – Urine formation, glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption, tubular secretion, counter current mechanism, regulation of kidney function, control of kidney function, urea formation – ornithine cycle.
(8 lectures)
UNIT III
Endocrine glands – Introduction, nature of endocrine glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, thymus gland, pineal body.
(8 lectures)
UNIT IV
Biochemistry – General Chemistry and classification for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
Enzymes – Introduction, exoenzyme, endoenzyme, classification, nomenclature, chemical nature of enzyme, mechanism of enzyme action, activation of enzyme, isoenzyme, coenzyme, holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactor, factor influencing enzyme action. Enzyme inhibitors- Reversible and irreversible, competitive and non- competitive.
(6 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
Eckert, R : Animal Physiology : W. H. Freeman.
Baganara & Turner : General Endocrinology : W . B. Saunders
Nielson : Animal Pysiology : Cambridge.
SEMESTER V
Paper I
Applied and Economic Zoology
UNIT I
Parasitology
Structure, life cycle, pathogenicity including diseases, causes, symptoms and control of the following parasites of domestic animals and humans :
Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis, Dracunculus, Wuchereria, Trypanosoma, Giardia, Paragonimus.
(8 lectures)
UNIT II
Vectors and pests
Vectors – Mosquito, housefly, bed bug, louse and their control.
Pest – types, characters, features, life cycle, nature of damage and control of termite, cockroach, cloth moth, wax moth, Gundhi bug, sugarcane leaf hopper.
(7 lectures)
UNIT III
Culture and economic importance of animals
Knowledge of domestic animals and animals of economic importance with reference to aquaculture, poultry, pisciculture, sericulture, apiculture, lacculture.
(8 lectures)
UNIT IV
Wild life of India
Knowledge of endangered species (Reptiles, birds and mammals), causes of being endangered, economic importance, important sanctuaries, National parks of India, current status of different projects launched for the preservation of animal species, in-situ and ex-situ conservation of wild life.
(7 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
SEMESTER V
Paper II
Biotechnology, Microbiology, Immunology and Biological tools
UNIT I
Biotechnology – Definition, Genetic engineering, concept and recombinant DNA technology and its application in agriculture, medical areas and energy production. Biotechnology of food processing, Pharmaceuticals, uses of microbes in insulin production and fermentation.
(8 lectures)
UNIT II
Microbiology – Distribution of microorganism in air, soil, water, milk, fruits and vegetables. Morphology, physiology and infection (outline) of bacteria and viral diseases, common antibiotic types, classification and mode of action.
(7 lectures)
UNIT III
Immunology
Concept of immunity, types of immunity; innate immunity – Mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, phagocytosis, fever, inflammation; adaptive immunity,cells of the immune system, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells; T lymphocytes, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, major histocompatability complex (MHC), Antigen presenting cells, Natural Killer cells, Eosinophils, Basophils and Mast cells, Neutrophils; types of immune response, antibody mediated immunity, cell mediated immunity; activation of the immune response, humoral response – primary response, secondary immune response; cell mediated response. Antibody – structure, classes of immunoglobulin; allergies, auto-immune diseases, vaccines of different diseases and immunological reactions.
(9 lectures)
UNIT IV
Biological Tools
Principle and use of common physiological apparatus in electrophoresis, pH meter, Microscopy – Light, Scanning and transmission electron microscopes.
(6 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
SEMESTER V
Paper III
SEMESTER VI
Paper I
Modern trends of Zoology
UNIT I
Evolutionary Biology : Old and new theories of origin of life; extra terrestrial life.
Principles of Taxonomy : Rules of nomenclature, Concept of species (classical and modern concept).
(5 lectures)
UNIT II
Physiological constraints
Kind of stress, physiological effects of acute and chronic stress. Effect of weightlessness (In space environment) on neurosensory, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
(7 lectures)
UNIT III
Biological techniques and Bioinformatics
Biological techniques
Cytochemical and histochemical techniques for the localization of protein, glycogen, lipid and alkaline phosphate.
Bioinformatics
Basic Scientific data resources (encyclopedia, biological abstracts, reviews, zoological records, current contents etc.), storage, retrieval and citation of scientific data.
(8 lectures)
UNIT IV
Biostatistics
Sampling, measure of central tendency (Mean, median and mode) and dispersion (Variance, standard deviation and standard error), Test of significance of mean, the Chi-square test, correlation and regression.
(10 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
SEMESTER VI
Paper II
Neurobiology, Behaviour, Pollution and Toxicology
UNIT I
Neurobiology
Neurons and glia, the synapse, the membrane and action potentials; synaptic potentials and synaptic integration; molecular neurobiology. Types of neurons, propagation and conduction of nerve impulse, chemical transmission, synaptic transmission.
(7 lectures)
UNIT II
Behaviour
Patterns of behaviour – taxes, reflexes, instinct and motivation.
Biorhythms, learning and memory.
(7 lectures)
UNIT III
Pollution
Concept, sources, types of air, water, soil, noise and radiation pollution. Control of environmental pollution.
(8 lectures)
UNIT IV
Toxicology
Exposure of toxicants, routes of exposure, duration and frequency of exposure, dose response relationship, categories of toxic effects, local and systematic effects, immediate and delayed effects, reversible and irreversible effects.
(8 lectures)
Total Lectures: 30
List of recommended books
SEMESTER VI
Paper III
(Practical)
1. Dissection
Major dissection – 1. Take out Afferent branchial arteries, efferent branchial arteries, cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, X and their branches) of Wallago.
2. Central nervous system of Periplaneta americana (Cockroach).
Minor dissection – Salivary gland complex, Reproductive organ of cockroach, Webberian ossicle of Wallago.
2. Biostatistics – Statistical analysis (mean/ mode/ median/ standard deviation) of the given data.
3. Identify and comment upon endangered species (Reptiles, birds, mammals).
4. Identify the given animal and comment about its adaptation.
5. Spotting – comment upon hazardous effects of pollution / Toxicology / Behaviour of the model.
6. Comment upon the biological tools
7. Identify the given pest / vector / Parasite and comment upon its important characteristic feature and life cycle.
8. Collection and display animals of economic importance.
9. Assignment / project
10. Viva
11. Record
List of spots for semester V
Paper III
(Practical)
Protozoans
Helminthes
Arthropoda
Life cycle
Embryology
Physiological apparatus
Edible fishes
List of spots for semester VI
Paper III
(Practical)
Pisces
Reptiles
Mammals
Endangered species
Reptiles
Aves
Mammals
Adaptation of any animal from the above examples of Pisces, reptiles and mammals
Parasite / pest / vector
Protozoans
Helminthes
Arthropoda
Biological tools