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BOTANY SYLLABUS 2009-2012 and onwards

FIRST SEMESTER

PAPER I ALGAE, LICHEN AND BRYOPHYTE 100
PAPER II PTERIDOPHYTE AND GYMNOSPERM 100

SECOND SEMESTER

PAPER I VIROLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY, FUNGI AND PATHOLOGY 100
PAPER II PRACTICAL PAPER 100

THIRD SEMESTER

PAPER I ANGIOSPERMS (MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OF PLANTS 100
PAPER II PRACTICAL PAPER 100

FOURTH SEMESTER

PAPER I ECOLOGY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND SOIL SCIENCE 100
PAPER II CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 100

FIFTH SEMESTER

PAPER I                   GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION.                              100
PAPER II                   BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
PAPER lll                   PRACTICAL PAPER                                                                                   100

SIXTH SEMESTER

PAPER I                     PLANT PHYSIOLOGY                                                                               100
PAPER ll                    BIOCHEMISTRY                                                                                         100
PAPER lll                   PRACTICAL PAPER                                                                                    100
Maximum marks on theory and practical paper 100=70 external+30 internal (unit tests, presentation, projects, attendance, class performance and viva-voce)

DETAILED SYLLABUS

FIRST SEMESTER

NAME OF THE PAPER: ALGAE, LICHEN AND BRYOPHYTE

PAPER NO. I

Unit I
General characters of Algae including range of thallus, classification of Algae and its basis.
Economic importance of algae
General characters of Cyanophyceae and study of its type genus – Microcystis and Gloeotichia
General characters of Chlorophyceae     and study of its type genus (Habit, Habitat, asexual and sexual reproduction and life cycle) Volvox, Hydrodictyon Oedogonium, and Chara

Unit II
General characters of Phaeophyceae and study of its type genus (Habit, habitat, asexual and sexual reproduction and life cycle) Ectocarpus
General characters of Xanthophyceae and study of Vaucheria
General characters of Rhodophyceae and study of Polysiphonia-
General characters of Lichen and nature of association, External morphology of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichen, internal structure,asexual reproduction-fragmentation, soredium, cephalodium and isidium
Economic importance of Lichen

Unit III
General characters of Bryophytes and its affinity with algae, pteridophyte,
Classification of Bryophytes
Marchantia its habit, habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte its genera.
Pellia- its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte

Unit IV
Frullania its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte
Anthoceros its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte, evolutionary significance
Pogonatum its habitat, external and internal structure of thallus, vegetative reproduction, sexual reproduction, development and structure of sporophyte
Ecological and economic importance of Bryophytes.

SUGGESTED READINGS
Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses

Vashishta,B.R., Sinha,A.K. and Kumar,A. 2005-Bryophytes-Botany for Degree students.S. Chand and company Ltd.

Singh,V.,Pandey ,P.C.AND Jain,D.K., 2005. A text book of botany. Rastogi Publications.

Vashishtha.,B.R.- Algae - S,Chand publications

Smith G.M -Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I Algae and Fungi -. Tata McGraw

Belgrami K.S and Saha L.C –The Algae

Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses

Gangulee, Das and Dutta – College Botany Vol II – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata

NAME OF THE PAPER : PTERIDOPHYTE AND GYMNOSPERM

PAPER NO.II

Unit I
General characters and classification (a brief outline) of pteridophytes and its relationship with other major groups of plants, evolution of stellar system
Study of following genera
Rhynia- Discovery, morphology, anatomy of stem, structure of sporangia
Lycopodium –External and internal structure of root, stem and leaf, variation of stele in stem, external and internal structure of strobilus, reproduction and types of gametophyte
Selaginella-External and internal structure of root, rhizophore, stem and leaf, nature of rhizophore, external and internal structure of strobilus, reproduction, structure and development of male and female gametophyte,significance of heterospory

Unit II
Equisetum-External and internal structure of root, stem and leaf, external and internal structure of strobilus, structure and nature of sporangiophore, nature of elater, structure and development of gametophyte and reproduction.
Nephrolepis and Adiantum – External and internal structure of root, stem, petiole, difference between false and true indusium, structure of sporangium, life cycle in brief
Marselia-External and internal structure of root, stem and petiole, external and internal structure of sporocarp, nature of sporocarp, reproduction

Unit III

General characters of Gymnosperm, a brief outline of the classification of GymnospermEconomic importance of Gymnosperm.
Cycadales- Cycas-Morphology and anatomy of normal root, coralloid root, stem, rachis, leaflet, male and female strobilus, structure and development of male and female gametophytes and reproduction, an idea of the differences between C.circinalis and C.revoluta
Unit IV
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of
Coniferales- Pinus-Morphology and anatomy of normal root, stem, dwarf shoot, needle, male and female gametophytes and reproduction
Gnetales- Ephedra-Morphology and anatomy of stem, male and female flower,structure and development of male and female and female gametophytes, reproduction, angiospermic features

SUGGESTED READINGS
Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses

Vashishta B.R., Sinha,A.K. and Kumar,A. 2005 Pteridophytes-Botany for Degree students.S. ChanPd and company Ltd.
Singh,V.,Pandey ,P.C.and Jain,D.K., 2005. A text book of botany. Rastogi Publications.

Pandey,S.N.,and Trivedi,P.S 2006. -,A Textbook of Botany VOL1 &2-Vikas Publishing Houses

Bhatnagar S.P and Moitra A- 2005-Gymnosperms – New Age International (P) Lttd, Publishers

Gangulee, Das and Dutta – College Botany Vol II – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata

SECOND SEMESTER

NAME OF THE PAPER : BACTERIOLOGY , VIROLOGY, FUNGI AND PATHOLOGY

PAPER NO. I

UNIT I
History of bacteriology and virology
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure and characteristic features (Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Phytoplasma and Yeast)
Nature, structure and classification of plant viruses
Structure and multiplication of Bacteriphage,structure and multiplication of viroids (PSTV),differences between virus, virioids and prions
Replication (TMV, Retrovirus) and transmission of Plant viruses ( Non persistent, semipersistent and persistent)

UNIT II
Classification of Bacteria on the basis of morphology and nutrition
Bacterial cell division, Bacterial growth curve,techniques in sterilization, bacterial culture and staining
Modes of genetic recombination
Application of microbiology in agriculture, industry and medicine, a brief concept of bioremediation

Unit III
Classification and distinguishing features of Fungi,general characteristics of classes and their representative genus with their life cycle
Mastigomycotina –Pythium,Phytophthora infestens (Late Blight of Potato)
Zygomycotina – Mucor,Ascomycotina – Saccharomyces, Aspergillus
Basidiomycotina – Agaricus, Polyporus,Puccinia (Black rust of Wheat)
Deutromycotina – Fusarium,Alternariasp (Early Blight of Potato)                                ,

Unit IV
Host – Parasite interaction , Physiology of Parasitism and Flors Hypothesis
Factors affecting disease development.
Economic importance of Fungi (organic acids, fermentation products, antibiotics
Bacterial and fungal toxin, Single cell protein

SUGGESTED READINGS
Singh V, Pandey.P. C.and Jain D.K 2005., A text book of botany-. Rastogi Publications
Pandey S.N and Trivedi P.S . 2006. Atext book of Botany. Vol I. Vikas publishing House (vol 1)
Singh R.S. Plant Pathology , Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.
Agrios,G. N.,Plant Pathology- Elsevier Academic Press
Sharma, P.D.-, Microbiology and Plant Pathology.Rastogo Publications
Sharma, P.D- . The Fungi - . Rastogi Publications
Verma, H.N.- ,Basics of Plant Virology- Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi
Dubey ,R.C. and Maheshwari , D.K.-A text book of Microbiology -. S Chand & Co
Mehrotra R.S. and Agrawal ,A - .Plant pathology -.Tata McGraw Hill Publications
Gangulee, Das and Dutta – College Botany Vol II – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata

NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER

PAPER NO. II

The paper will be based on paper no. I and II of first semester and paper I of second semester

THIRD SEMESTER

NAME OF THE PAPER : ANGIOSPERMS
(MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY,ANATOMY,EMBRYOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OFPLANTS)

PAPER NO. I

UNIT I
The shoot system- The stem, leaf and root – forms, functions and modifications.
The inflorescence – types, bracts and bracteoles,the flower – parts, flower as modified shoot, thalamus, insertion of floral appendages, calyx, corolla, perianth, aestivation, androecium, gynoecium, placentation, floral formula, floral diagram.
Pollination – contrivances for cross pollination and self pollination.
The seed and fruits – types of germinations (hypogeal and epigeal germination) and different type of fruits.

UNIT II
Angiosperms – Introduction and fundamental components.
Botanical nomenclature, Principles and rules, taxonomic ranks, type concept.Classification of angiosperms, salient features of the systems proposed by Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, Cronquist and Takhtajan (concept of Dahlgreen and APG system in brief).
Diversity of flowering plants as:Ranunculaceae, Nympheaceae, Brassicaceae, Papaveraceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceace, Mimosaceae, Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae
UNIT III
Study of different kinds of meristematic and permanent tissue – simple, complex and special types including secretory tissue.
Meristems – kinds and distribution of meristems.
Study of tissue sysstems – epidermal, ground and vascular systems.
Anatomy of stems, leaves and roots – dicots and monocots.
Secondary growth and its anomaly (dicot and monocot stems and roots).

UNIT IV
Sporogenesis and the gametophytes-Microsporogenesis, development of the male gametophyte, megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte (types of embryo sac development).
Fertilization and embryology – Fertilization, development of the embryo endosperms and post – fertilization changes etc.
Apomixis and polyembryony, life- cycle of Angiosperms.
Economic Botany of timber, fibre, oil, sugar and medicinal plants, spices and condiments (in brief)
Botanical gardens and herbaria

SUGGESTED READINGS
Pandey S.N and Misra S.P. 2008. Taxonomy of Angiosperms . Anes Book, India.
Pandey B.P. Taxonomy of Angiosperms (6th ed)S. Chand and company Ltd. Ram Nager, New Delhi
Mukherjee S.K 1990. College Botany Vol III (2nd ed) New Central Book Agency, Calcutta.
Tayal M. S. - Plant Anatomy
Bhojwani and Bhatnagar-Embryology of Plants
Maheshwari P. – Embryology of Plants
Ganguli Das and Dutta – College Botany Vol I – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata
Sen S – Economic Botany – New Central Book Agency

NAME OF THE PAPER : PRACTICAL PAPER

PAPER NO. II

The practical paper will be based on paper I of third semester

FOURTH SEMESTER

NAME OF THE PAPER :ECOLOGY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND SOIL SCIENCE
PAPER NO. I

UNIT I
Ecology – Concept and definition of ecology, ecosphere, biosphere and biome, types of ecosystem, structure and function of Ecosystem (Biotic and abiotic factors).
Ecological pyramid, food chain and its type, food web, Energy flow and biogeochemical cycles         Productivity concept- gross and net productivity
Hydrophytes and Xerophytes-types and adaptations (morphological,anatomical and eco-physiological with specific examples of Hydrilla,Trapa, Nerium, Casuarina)
Dynamics of community, plant succession- Hydrosere, Xerosere, climax community.
UNIT II
Air pollution, causes, effect and its control
Global warming,green house effect and ozone depletion
Water and soil pollution causes, effect and its control
Sound,thermal and radioactive pollution, causes, effect and its control, a brief concept of Phytoremediation and Plant indicators
UNIT III
Natural vegetation of India
Phytogeography (Static and dynamic phytogeography),endemism
Biodiversity and its conservation, hot spots in terms of flora and            Red data book (in brief)
Energy resources, conventional sources of energy (coal, natural gas and petroleum), non- conventional sources of energy (solar energy, water energy, wind energy, thermal energy, biogas and petro- plants)
UNIT IV
Soil classification and its types–zonal, intrazonal and azonal,soil profile
Soil properties- Physical, chemical and biological
Soil forming processes-laterization, podzolization, salinization, calcification
Soil reclamation of problem soil (acidic soil, usar soil, calcareous soil)
Soil erosion and soil conservation, role of plants in controlling soil erosion, biofertilizers
SUGGESTED READINGS
Kar R, Chandel R.S and Singh M 2008 - Elements of Environmental Studies – Kriti Prakashan Ltd
Sunakar Panda. Environment and Ecology- Vrinda Publication (P)Ltd.
Asthana D.K and Asthana Meera. Environment – Problems and Solutions. S Chand &Co. Ltd
Misra SP and Pandey SN – Essential Environmental Studies. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
Sharma P.D.Ecology and Environment .Rastogi Publications
Ambasht R.S. and Ambasht N.K. A text book of Plant Ecology . CBS Publications and distributors
Shukla R.S and Chandel P.S. A texr book of Plant Ecology. S. Chand & Co.
Biswas T.S. and Mukherjee SK.. A text book of Soil Science. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publications
Kolay. Soil Science
Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology – S Chand Publication

Subramanyam N.S. and AVSS Sambamurty – Ecology – Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi

Smith and Smith – Principals of Ecology- Pearson Publications

Joshi P.C. and Joshi N 2005– Ecology and Environment – Himalaya Publishing House

NAME OF THE PAPER : CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PAPER NO. II

UNIT-I
Structure of cell wall, plasma membrane and their functions, cytoskeleton – microtubules, microfilament,intermediate filament.
Structure and function of chloroplast and mitochondria
Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus.
Structure and function of lysosome, peroxisome and ribosome.
UNIT-II
Nucleus – structure and function of nucleus
Chromosomes-Number, size and shape, karyotypes
Chemical composition of chromosomes (in brief)
Morphology of Chromosomes and Karyotypes.
Ultra structure of Chromosome,nucleosome-solenoid model of chromosome organization.
Cell cycle, cell division – mitosis and meiosis.
UNIT-III
Nucleic acid as genetic material- reasons and evidences.
Structure and types of DNA.
Structure and types of RNA.
DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
UNIT IV
Central dogma of Protein synthesis, transcription – mechanism in prokaryotes, differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotic transcription in brief.
Translation – mechanism in prokaryotes, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation in brief.
Genetic code – discovery, properties, wobble hypothesis.         Exceptions
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (on the basis of lac operon and trp operon model) and eukaryotes (Britton – Davidson model)
SUGGESTED READINGS

Watson JD and Baker TA – Molecular Biology of the gene- Pearson Education publication
Gupta PK – Cell and Molecular Biology- Rastogi Publication
Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology – S Chand Publication
Powar CB- Cell Biology- Kalyani Publication
Verma PS and Agarwal VK -Concept of Molecular Biology-S Chand Publication
Singh BD – Molecular Biology Kalyani Publishers

FIFTH SEMESTER

NAME OF THE PAPER :-GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING, BIOSTATISTICS AND EVOLUTION

PAPER NO. I

UNIT I
Developments of genetics and Mendelism-laws of segregation and independent assortment. Gene interaction, Multiple alleles. Linkage and crossing over. Methods of gene mapping including molecular maps. Sex chromosomes, sex linked inheritance and sex determination.

UNIT II
Mutation (biochemical and molecular basis), spontaneous and induced mutation and its importance
Chromosomal aberration
Numerical changes in chromosome (polyploidy) and its application
Cytoplasmic inheritance, genetics of male sterility.

UNIT III
Methods of plant breeding – introduction, aims and objectives
Hybridization and Heterosis breeding
Selection methods (pure line, mass selection, bulk method, clonal)
Role and scope of plant breeding in agriculture and horticulture

UNIT IV
Origin of life (a brief concept of Oparin Haldane concept).
Mechanism of evolution (a brief concept of Hardy –Weinberg Principle) and a brief account of evolution (an idea of fossils and Geological Time Scale)
Theories of organic evolution (Darwinism, Lamarkism)
Mutation theory and Neo- Darwinism

SUGGESTED READINGS
Verma PS and Agarwal VK- Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology – S Chand Publication.
Gupta PK – Cytology, Genetics , Evolution and Ecology- Rastogi Publication.
Rastogi Veer Bala-Evolution
Singh B D- Plant Breeding-Kalayani Publishers.
Singh B. D – Plant Breeding and Biotechnology – Mc Graw Hill Book Co
Singh B.D- Genetics and Plant Breeding – Mc Graw Hill Book Co.
Gardener, Simpson- Genetics
Ganguli Das and Dutta – College Botany Vol I – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata

Kar and Halder - Plant Breeding and Biometry – New Central Book Agency, Kolkata
Clug and Cummins –Concepts of Genetics – Pearson

NAME OF THE PAPER : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
PAPER NO. II

UNIT – I
Introduction to Biotechnology and its history
Application of Biotechnology
Electrophoresis and protein separation (Western Analysis)
Nucleic acid separation (DNA- southern analysis & RNA- northern analysis)
UNIT-II
Genetic engineering – principles and methodology
Methods of gene transfer-physical, chemical and biological.
Application of genetic engineering in human welfare
Transgenic plants and their utility
UNIT – III
History of tissue culture, medium composition and different growth medium
Various techniques in tissue culture
Applications of tissue culture
Micropropogation and somaclonal variation
UNIT-IV
Various techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis in biological system
Isolation techniques - Chromatography, Centrifugation
Spectrophotometer, laminar flow, autoclave
Polymerase Chain Reaction