Department of Physics and Electronics
B.Sc. (Physics)
(Sem I)
Paper 1: (P101) MECHANICS and WAVE MOTION
Unit I
Frames of Reference- Frame of Reference, Inertial Frames of Reference, Non Inertial Frames and Fictitious Force, Centrifugal Force, Rotating Frame of Reference. Dynamics of particle in rectilinear and circular motion
Conservation of Energy – Conservation of Laws, Work Energy Theorem, Conservative Forces, Linear Restoring Force, Non-Conservative Forces, Motion under Friction, Inclined Plane, Motion in a Vertical Circle.
Linear And Angular Momentum- Conservation of Linear Momentum, Center of Mass, Collision in 2D , Impact, Angular Momentum And Torque.
Unit II
Potential and Fields- Central forces , Inverse Square-Law force, Gravitational Field and Potential, Equipotential Surface, Velocity of Escape, Satellite in Circular Orbit, Gravitational field and Potential due to a thin Spherical Shell, Potential and Field due to a Solid Sphere, Kepler’s Laws, Newton’s Deduction from Kepler’s Laws
Harmonic Oscillator- Differential equation of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) and its solution, Energy of Harmonic Oscillator(HO), Examples of HO.
Unit III
Composition of Two SHMs, Lissajous Figures.
Damped and Forced Harmonic Oscillator- Damping Force, Damped Harmonic Oscillator, Driven or Forced harmonic oscillator, Sharpness of Resonance, Velocity and Amplitude Resonance.
Wave Motion- Differential Equation of Wave Motion, Plane Progressive Harmonic Waves in fluid media, Principle of superposition, Energy density of Plane Progressive wave, Particle and Wave Velocity, Longitudinal waves in Gases- Pressure variations for plane waves, Waves in Linear bounded medium, Stationary wave solution, Flow of Energy in Stationary Waves
Unit IV
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies- Equation of Motion for a Rotating Rigid Body, Angular Momentum and Moment of Inertia, Inertia Tensor, Theorems on Moment of Inertia, Calculation of Moment of inertia of Bodies of Different Shapes, Kinetic Energy of Rotating Body
Elasticity- Stress, Strain, Hooks’ Law, Young’s Modulus , Bulk Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity or Shear modulus , Poisson’s Ratio, Relation Connecting Various Elastic constants, Angle of Twist and Angle of Shear, Twisting Couple on a Cylindrical Rod or Wire, Bending of Beams, Bending Moment, Beam supported at is ends and Loaded in the Middle.
Books Recommended
Paper 2: (P102) Circuit Fundamental and Basics Electronics
Unit I
Growth and Decay of Currents Through Inductive Resistance,Charging and Discharging in RC and L.C.R. Circuit, Time Constant
Measurement of High Resistance, A.C. bridges, Maxwell’s and Scheringe’s Bridges, Wien Bridge.
Unit II
Semiconductors, Intrinsic and Extrinsic, n-type, p-type Semiconductors
Unbiased Diodes,Diode as a rectifier, Forward Reversed Biased Diodes, Diode Characteristics, Zener Diode, Avalanche and Zener Breakdown, power supplies: Rectifier, bridge rectifier, capacitor input Filter, voltage regulator, Zener regulator.
Bipolar Transistors, Three Doped Regions- Forward and Reverse Bias, D.C. alpha, D.C. beta, Transistor Curves.
Unit III
Transistor Biasing Circuits, Emitter Bias, Base bias, Voltage Divider Bias, D.C. load line
Basic AC Equivalent Circuits, Low frequency model, small signal amplifiers, Common Emitter Amplifier, common collector amplifier, common base amplifier Current and Voltage Gain, RC coupled amplifier-qualitative treatment only. Frequency response, input and output impedances, Feedback Principles
Unit IV
Transistor as an Oscillator-General Discussion and Theory of Hartely Oscillator
Elements of Transmission and Reception, Basic Principles of Amplitude Modulation
and Demodulation
Principle and Design of Linear Millimeters and Their Application, Cathode Ray
Oscillograph and its Simple Applications
Recommended Books –
(Sem II)
Paper 1: (P201) Optics
Unit I
Condition for Observing Interference, Visibility of Fringes, Production of Coherent Sources , Temporal and Spatial Coherence Production Interference Fringes and Determination of Wavelength, Biprism
Production of Achromatic Fringes, Colour of Thin films, Newton Rings.
Multiple Reflection, Fabry Perot Interferometer and LG plate, Filter.
Unit II
Fresnel’s’ diffraction, Fresnel’s’ zones and propagation of light, zone plate, Fresnel’s diffraction at edge and narrow wire. Fraunhofer diffraction at multiple slits, limiting cases- single and double slits.
Unit III
Polarization, Double Refraction in Uniaxial Crystals, Huygens Theory of Double Refraction.
Nicole Prism, Polaroids and Retardation Plates, Half and Quarter Wave Plates , Production and Detection of Elliptically Polarisied Light.
Optical Activity, Fresnel’s Theory of Optical Rotation, Matrix Representation of Plane Polarized Waves, Matrices of Polarizer Retardation and Rotation . Application to Simple Systems, Light Sources.
Unit IV
Resolving power-criterion, expressions for resolving powers of telescope, grating.
Optical instruments- Spectrometer, Michelson Interferometer, Sextant, Babinets compensator, Half Shade and Biquartz, Polarimeter.
Paper 2: Experiments (P202)
(Sem. III)
Paper 1: P(301) Electricity and Magnetism
Unit-I (Electrostatics)
Coulombs Law, Electric Field and Potential, Field due to Uniformly Charged Sphere, Poisson and Laplace Equation, Gauss law and its application: The field of a conductor, Electric Dipole, Field and Potential due to Electric Dipole, Dipole Approximation for an arbitrary charge distribution, Electric Quadrupole, Field due to Electric Quadrupole, Electrostatic Energy of a uniformly charged sphere, Energy of a condenser.
Unit-II (Magnetostatics)
Magnetic Field, Magnetic Force of a current, Magnetic Induction, Biot-Savart Law, Lorentz force, Vector and Scalar Magnetic Potential, Magnetic Dipole, Magnetomotive Force, Ampere’s Circuital Theorem and its applications: magnetic field due to a wire carrying current and solenoid.
Unit-III (Electromagnetic Induction)
Laws of induction, Faraday’s law and Lenz Law,
Mutual and Self Induction, Vector Potential in varying Magnetic Field, Skin Effect, Motion of Electron in changing magnetic field, Magnetic energy in a field, induced magnetic field, Displacement current, Maxwell’s Equation, Poynting Vector, Electromagnetic Waves in Free space, Theory and working of ballistic Galvanometer
Unit-IV (Magnetic Properties of Matter)
Intensity of Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, Properties of Dia, Para and Ferromagnetic materials, Curie Temperature, Hysteresis and it’s experimental determination.
Dielectrics, Dielectric constant, polarization, electronic, atomic or ionic polarization, polarization charges, Electrostatic equations, Field, Force and Energy in Dielectrics, Debye Model.
Books recommended
(P302)List of experiments
(Sem. IV)
Paper 1: P(401) Thermal Physics
Unit-I
Thermal equilibrium, Zeros law of Thermodynamics, Temperature concept, Equation of State, Vander wall’s Equation, Critical Constants, Principle of corresponding States
Unit-II
First law of thermodynamics, Absolute scale of temperature, Entropy, Degradation of Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz function, Gibb’s function, Maxwell’s Thermodynamic relations and their applications.
Unit-III
Differential and Integral Joule Thomson Effect, Inversion Temperature, Liquification of gases (no experimental details), Adiabatic Demagnetization –HeI and HeII, Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation.
Unit-IV
Kinetic Theory, Maxwell-Boltzmann Law, Equipartition of energy, mean free path, Transport phenomenon, Brownian motion, Avagadro number, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Temperature, Black Body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann law, Planck’s law and its verification
Books Recommended
(Sem. IV)
Paper 2: P(402) Elements of Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Spectra
Unit-I
Inadequacies of Quantum Mechanics, Photoelectric Phenomenon, Compton effect, Wave particle Duality, de broglie matter wave and their experimental determination, Heisenberg’s uncertainty Principle, Complementary principle, Principle of superposition, motion of wave packets.
Unit-II
Schrödinger wave equation, Interpretation of wave function, expectation values of dynamic variables, Ehrenfest theorem,orthonormal properties of wave function, one dimensional motion in step potential, rectangular barrier, Square well potential, particle in a box, normalization.
Unit-III
Bohr atomic model, Sommerfeld Elliptic orbits, Spin and orbital magnetic moments, Stern Gerlach experiment, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and periodic table, Optical Spectra of Alkali and Alkaline earth elements, Fine structure of Spectral lines, Coupling Schemes(LS and JJ) for two electron systems.
Unit-IV
Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect and Paschen Back Effect of one Electron Systems, Experimental Observations, X-ray Spectra- continuous and characteristic, their generation and uses, Spin and Screening Doublets.
Books Recommended
(Sem.V)
Paper 1: P(501) Electronics
Unit-I (network theorems and circuit analysis)
Thevenin, Norton and superposition theorems and their applications- T and Network characteristic Interactive and image impedances, constant K and Derived –m type filters, transmission lines, Characteristic impedances and Attenuations, Reflection Coefficients,
Diodes,Diffusion of minority carrier in semiconductor, work function in metals and semiconductors, junction between metals and semiconductors, semiconductor and semiconductor, p-n junction, depletion layer , junction potential, width of depletion layer, field and capacitance of depletion layer, forward ac and dc resistance of junction, reverse breakdown.
Unit-II (diodes)
Zener and Avalanche diode, tunnel diode, point contact diode, their importance at high frequencies, LED, Photodiodes, Effect of temperature on junction diode thermistors.
(Transistors)Transistor parameters, Base width modulation, transit time and life time of minority carriers, base and emitter resistance, collector conductance, base spreading resistance, diffusion capacitance, reverse feedback ratio, Equivalent Circuit for Transistors, Basic model, Hybrid Model and Y-parameter equivalent circuit, input and output impedances.
Unit-III
Current and voltage gain, biasing formula for transistors, base bias, emitter bias and mixed type bias, biasing for small and large signal operation.Transistor circuit, application at low frequencies, their ac and dc equivalent for three different modes of operation, large signal operation of transistor, heat sink, thermal resistance, distortion in amplifiers, cascading of stage, frequency response, negative and positive feedback in transistor amplifier.
Unit-IV
FET, characteristics, biasing of FET, use in preamplifiers, MOSFET and their uses. Power Supplies- Electronically regulated low and high voltage power supplies, invertors for battery operated equipments.
Miscellaneous basic linear integrated circuits, photo transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers, UJT and their simple uses.
Books Recommended
Paper 2: (P502) Solid State Physics
Unit I (Crystal Structure)
Lattice translation vectors and lattice, Symmetry operation, Basis and crystal structures, Symmetry operation, basis and crystal structure, Primitive lattice cell, two-dimensional lattice system, Number of lattice, Point groups and plane groups
Three dimensional lattice types system no. of lattices, Point groups and space groups.Index system for crystal plane miller indices, Simple crystal structures. NaCl, CsCl, hcp diamond, cubic ZnS and hexa. ZnS. Occurrence of nonideal crystal structures,Random stacking of polytypism glasses.
UnitII(Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice)
Incident beam, Bragg’s law, Experimental diffraction method. Laue method Rotating crystal method, Powder method. Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, Fourier analysis, Reciprocal lattice vectors diffraction condition Ewald method Brillouin zones, reciprocal lattice to sc, bcc and fcc lattice, Fourier analysis of the basis and atomic form factor.
Unit III (Crystal Bindings)
Crystals of inert gases, Vander walls-London interaction-Repulsive interaction, Equilibrium lattice constants, cohesive energy, Compressibility and bulk modulus, Ionic crystal, modelung energy, Evaluation of modelung constants, covalent crystals, Hydrogen bonding crystals, Atomic crystals, Atomic radii, Lattice heat capacity, Einstein model, Variation of mono-atomic lattice.
Unit IV (Lattice vibrations)
Derivation of dispersion relation, First Brillion zones , group velocity, continuum limit, Force constant, Lattice with two atoms per primitive cell, Derivation of dispersion relation, Acoustic and optical modes, phonon momentum, Free electron theory, Fermi energy, Density of states, Heat energy of electron gas, Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electron, Hall effect in metals.
Origin of band theory, Quantitative idea of Bloch Theorem, Kronig Penny Model, number of orbital in a band conductor and insulators, effective mass, concept of holes.
(Sem. VI)
Paper 1: P(601) Elements of Relativistic, Classical and Statistical Mechanics
Unit-I (Relativistic Mechanics)
Earth as a reference frame, Galilean transformation, Michelson Morley Experiment, Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity, Lorentz transformations, Length Contraction and Time Dilation, Law of Addition of velocities, Variation of mass with velocity, Principle of Equivalance of mass and Energy.
Unit-II (Classical mechanics)
Mechanics of a system of particles, generalized coordinates, D’Alemberts Principle, Lagrangean Formulation and Lagranges Equation of motion, Calculus of Variation and its Apllication. Hamiltonian formulation and Hamilton’s equation of motion.
Unit-III (Classical and Statistical mechanics)
The Rigid Body motion, Force free motion of symmetrical rigid body. Two body Central Force problem, reduction to equivalent one body problem, The equation of motion and First Integrals, Classification of orbits, orbit for integral power-law potentials, Inverse square- law , Kepler’s problem, Inadequacies of Classical mechanics, phase space, Liouville’s theorem, connection between statistical and thermodynamic quantities.
Unit-IV (Statistical Mechanics)
Ensembles, the microcanonical, the canonical and the grand canonical Ensembles, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Partition function , Maxwell velocity distribution and mean values, equipartition theorem, statistics of interacting system, Vander Wall’s gas, Electron gas and Planck’s oscillator.
Books Recommended
Paper 2: (P602) Nuclear Physics
Unit-I (General Properties of Nucleus)
Brief survey of general properties of the nucleus, mass defect and binding energy, charge, size, spin and magnetic moment, Brainbridge mass spectrograph.
Nuclear Model
Liquid Drop Model and Bieth-Weizacher mass formula, Single Particle Shell model
Unit II
Nuclear Force
Saturation phenomenon and exchange force, Deutron ground State properties.
Natural Radioactivity
Fundamental laws of radioactivity, Soddy-Fajan’s Displacement law of radioactive disintegration, basic idea about α, β and γ decay.
Unit-III (Nuclear Reactions)
Nuclear reactions and their conservation laws, cross section of nuclear reactions, theory of fission, Nuclear reactors and nuclear fusion.
Elementary Particles
Basic classification based on rest mass, spin and half life, particle interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.
Unit IV
Accelerators and detectors
Vande Graff Cyclotron, Synchrotron, Interaction of charged particles and Gamma Rays with Matter, G M Counter, Scintillation Counter and Neutron Detectors
Books Recommended